Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as

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Formulating testable hypotheses helps to prevent hindsight bias, which is the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have predicted or expected that outcome. By having a clear hypothesis before conducting research, researchers can avoid interpreting data in a way that confirms their prior beliefs. Random sampling, illusory correlation, and random assignment are not directly related to the benefits of formulating testable hypotheses.

Formulating Testable Hypotheses Before Conducting Research Is Most Directly Useful