The fact that a white object under dim illumination appears lighter than a gray object under bright illumination is called

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Lightness constancy refers to our perception that the color (lightness) of an object remains the same under varying illumination levels. This explains why a white object appears lighter than a gray object even under dimmer conditions; our brain adjusts for the change in lighting to maintain the object's perceived lightness.

The Fact That a White Object Under Dim Illumination Appears