The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by

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Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the idea that any neutral stimulus can serve as a CS. They found that rats developed an aversion to a taste they had previously consumed before feeling ill, even if the illness was caused by something unrelated to the taste. This demonstrated that certain stimuli, such as taste or smell, are more biologically relevant and can become associated with negative outcomes more easily than other neutral stimuli.

The Idea That Any Perceivable Neutral Stimulus Can Serve as a CS