An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of

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Classical conditioning involves learning associations between two stimuli, such as a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. The organism may not have control over these events, but through the repeated pairing of the stimuli, it learns to anticipate and respond to them in certain ways. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus when a desired behavior is exhibited, partial reinforcement involves only occasionally rewarding a desired behavior, and shaping involves gradually reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. None of these processes directly involve learning associations between events that the organism does not control.

An Organism Learns Associations Between Events It Does Not Control