The fact that learning can occur without reinforcement is most clearly demonstrated by studies of

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Studies of latent learning, such as those conducted by Tolman and Honzik with rats navigating mazes, show that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement. Shaping (A) is a type of operant conditioning that involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. The law of effect (C) states that behaviors followed by desirable consequences are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by undesirable consequences are less likely. Online testing (D) is not related to the question of reinforcement and learning.

The Fact That Learning Can Occur Without Reinforcement Is Most