Suppose that data are assembled on (1) research and development expenditures as a fraction of industry costs across U.S. industries (ranked from highest to lowest), and (2) the export success of U.S. industries (ranked from highest to lowest). If the "product cycle theory" is useful as an explanation for the pattern of U.S. exports, then an analyst would expect that statistical association (rank correlation coefficient) between these two series of data would be

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According to the product cycle theory, industries with higher research and development expenditures are more likely to be successful in exporting their products. Therefore, there should be a positive association between research and development expenditures as a fraction of industry costs and export success across U.S. industries.

Suppose That Data Are Assembled on (1) Research and Development