Following extensive training, the use of symbols by common chimpanzees has failed to show the flexibility of human language. Greater success has been demonstrated in studies using

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Studies have shown that bonobos have the ability to understand complex grammar and use language flexibly, demonstrating a greater similarity to aspects of human language than other nonhuman animals. Dolphins have also shown some ability to communicate using a complex system, but not to the extent of bonobos. Zebras and wombats are not typically studied for their language abilities.

Following Extensive Training, the Use of Symbols by Common Chimpanzees