When did the first efforts to apply scientific and systematic research methodology to establish the principle of biological determinism as the fundamental cause of criminal behavior come about?

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The first efforts to apply scientific and systematic research methodology to establish the principle of biological determinism as the fundamental cause of criminal behavior came about in the late nineteenth century. This was a time when scientific ideas were highly valued and the study of crime and criminal behavior was becoming more recognized as a field of inquiry.

When Did the First Efforts to Apply Scientific and Systematic