Which of the following cannot be used to justify efficiency wages

Question

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Sticky price (menu cost) models explain why firms might not adjust prices immediately in response to changes in demand or costs, but they do not directly justify the payment of efficiency wages, which are higher wages paid to increase worker productivity, reduce turnover, or reduce shirking. On the other hand, turnover costs, worker shirking, and worker morale are all reasons why a firm might pay efficiency wages.

Which of the Following Cannot Be Used to Justify Efficiency