A Leadership Consultant Says: "Definitions of Leadership Tend to Focus

A leadership consultant says: "Definitions of leadership tend to focus on the ability to influence others. Some definitions believe that managerial authority is necessary, and others believe that the influence leaders exercise must advance their organization's goals. All of these definitions, however, leave out the central issue of consent. Someone cannot fairly be called a leader if he or she influences people only through threats and fear."
Which of the following principles would most strongly justify the leadership consultant's argument?
Effective leadership is an essential element of strong business performance.
Getting employees to perform according to directives is more important than the measures required to accomplish an organization's goals.
Any leadership strategy needs an effective communications strategy in order to be effective.
A leader must be able to persuade people to do things that they are not required to do.
People who are likely to insist that managerial authority is an essential element of leadership are also likely to insist that the achievement of managerial goals is also an essential element of leadership.