In the long-run, gainers and losers from trade are defined by the product sector they are employed in, rather than the factors of production they own.

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In the long-run, the distribution of gains and losses from trade is often analyzed through the lens of factor ownership (such as labor or capital) rather than the specific sectors of employment. This is because trade can affect the return to factors across various sectors, influencing overall income distribution based on what factors individuals own.

In the Long-Run, Gainers and Losers from Trade Are Defined