Which of the Following Relates to Miller's Focal Concern of Toughness

Which of the following relates to Miller's Focal Concern of toughness?

A) It involves the ability to achieve a goal by the use of wits rather than physical force
B) Lower-class people have a particularly fatalistic outlook on life
C) Adults usually want their children to stay out of trouble, but lower-class adolescents sometimes gain prestige with their friends
D) It arises from the fact that many lower-class boys are raised in female-headed households and thus lack adequate male role models