Which of the Following Statements Is True

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The union-as-collective-voice view of the labor union holds that labor unions have a negative impact on productivity and efficiency.
B) The traditional view of the labor union is that the union acts as a collective voice for workers and probably leads to lower quit rates (among employees) .
C) The union-as-collective-voice view of the labor union holds that labor unions often have unnecessary staffing requirements, which means that they insist that only certain persons be allowed to do certain jobs.
D) b and c
E) none of the above