Forests Along Rivers in the Pacific Northwest That Have Lost

Forests along rivers in the Pacific Northwest that have lost their salmon populations are less productive because the

A) nitrogen the fish brought from the ocean and contained in their tissues has been lost.
B) dams that prevented the fish from migrating also flooded the forests.
C) fishers who overharvested the salmon compacted the soil in the process.
D) global warming that wiped out the fish has also harmed the trees.
E) pollution that killed the fish has also directly affected the trees.