A Patient with Frequent Recurrent Episodes of Proctitis Is Diagnosed

A patient with frequent recurrent episodes of proctitis is diagnosed with rectal cancer. The patient is distraught and asks how cancer could develop. Which answer by the nurse is best?

A) Frequent inflammation of the anus and rectum causes cellular changes.
B) The patient is likely to have a family history of gastrointestinal cancer.
C) Cancer could have been prevented if the patient had followed medical advice.
D) The patient could have avoided the disease with dietary and vitamin therapy.