The nurse is reviewing compensatory mechanisms with a patient in heart failure. What should the nurse include when providing this teaching? (Select all that apply.)

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In heart failure, the body activates several compensatory mechanisms to maintain cardiac output. D) The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine increases heart rate and force of contraction. E) The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is activated by the kidneys to increase blood volume and pressure. F) The heart muscles stretch (Frank-Starling mechanism) to increase the force of myocardial contraction, helping to improve cardiac output.

The Nurse Is Reviewing Compensatory Mechanisms with a Patient in Heart