A researcher needs all of the following to make a casual statement, EXCEPT
A) temporal order.
B) elimination of alternative explanation.
C) association.
D) mathematical proof.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

To make a causal statement in research, one needs to establish a temporal order (cause precedes effect), an association (a consistent relationship between variables), and the elimination of alternative explanations (ruling out other potential causes). Mathematical proof, however, is not a requirement for making causal statements in most research contexts, as causality is often established through empirical evidence and logical reasoning rather than through purely mathematical means.

A Researcher Needs All of the Following to Make a Casual