Which of the Following Must Substance Abuse Practitioners Bear in Mind

Which of the following must substance abuse practitioners bear in mind to avoid oversimplification of the issues concerned?

A) Abstinence must be equated with health and nonabstinence with illness.
B) Substance abuse and dependence are unitary, well-defined, and largely predictable disorders.
C) Substance abuse problems are multivariate syndromes but should be treated as a single undifferentiated collective.
D) Chemical dependency involves multiple patterns of use, misuse, and abuse and multiple causal variables combine to produce problems.