According to your text there are three conditions for making justified claims of cause and effect. Which of the following is NOT one of these conditions?
A) the independent and dependent variables must be related
B) the dependent variable must be manipulated by the researcher
C) the independent variable must precede the dependent variable
D) no other plausible explanations for the relation between the independent and dependent variables should exist

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The condition that the dependent variable must be manipulated by the researcher is not a requirement for making justified claims of cause and effect. This condition is more specific to experimental designs, but cause-and-effect relationships can be identified in non-experimental (observational) studies as well, where manipulation of variables by the researcher does not occur. The other options (A, C, D) are indeed conditions for establishing causality.

According to Your Text There Are Three Conditions for Making