Single-case designs, by definition, do not incorporate control groups. What is the standard for comparison purposes to evaluate the treatment effects?

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In single-case designs, the standard for comparison to evaluate treatment effects is the pre-treatment observations of the same individual. This involves comparing the individual's behavior or performance before the treatment is applied (baseline phase) to their behavior or performance after the treatment has been implemented (intervention phase).

Single-Case Designs, by Definition, Do Not Incorporate Control Groups