Question 1

It has been found in cross-cultural studies that girls tend to have higher self-esteem in , whereas boys tend to have higher self-esteem in .

Accepted Answer

Girls often have higher self-esteem in areas related to writing, reflecting their strength in language arts, while boys tend to have higher self-esteem in math, showcasing their confidence in quantitative skills.

Question 2

Stephanie is 7 years old. She is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises. Stephanie states that Holly's father would be upset because she climbed the tree. But if Holly told him she climbed the tree to rescue a kitten, then he would not be upset. Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?

Accepted Answer

Stephanie's reasoning reflects Level 1 (Social-Informational Perspective Taking), where children understand that different perspectives may arise because people have access to different information. She recognizes that her father's feelings might change based on new information about her intentions.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE about how children in middle childhood regulate their behavior?

Accepted Answer

Children in middle childhood start to depend less on external punishments to control their own behaviors, as they develop more internalized standards of behavior.

Question 4

Younger children might have higher levels of self-esteem than older children because

Accepted Answer

Younger children often have an egocentric view of the world, meaning they see things primarily from their own perspective. This egocentrism can lead to unrealistic self-concepts because they may not yet understand or consider the broader context or the perspectives of others. This can result in higher levels of self-esteem as they might overestimate their abilities or qualities.

Question 5

High self-esteem is related to the

Accepted Answer

Closeness to parents is associated with higher self-esteem in children. This relationship is due to the emotional support, security, and positive reinforcement provided by a close relationship with parents.

Question 6

Erin is 8 yearsold. According to Erikson, she's in the industry versus inferiority stage. In order to successfully navigate this stage, Erin will need to

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that the industry versus inferiority stage typically occurs between the ages of 6 and 12. During this stage, children are focused on mastering the skills and tasks that are considered important in their society, such as learning, creating, and accomplishing. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. Therefore, mastering the tasks and challenges of being an 8-year-old is crucial for Erin to successfully navigate this stage.

Question 7

What area within psychology studies a child's understanding of the relationship between self and others?

Accepted Answer

Social cognition is the area within psychology that focuses on understanding how people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations, including a child's understanding of the relationship between self and others.

Question 8

Reese describes herself by saying, "I am a girl. I love soccer. I have a younger brother. I ride the bus to school. I like strawberries." This self-description is typical of

Accepted Answer

Children in early childhood often describe themselves using concrete, observable characteristics and activities, such as gender, favorite activities, family members, and preferences.

Question 9

Which of the following argues for a genetic component to self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

The higher concordance rates for self-esteem among identical twins compared to fraternal twins suggest a genetic component because identical twins share more genetic material than fraternal twins. If genetics were not a factor, the concordance rates would be expected to be similar for both types of twins.

Question 10

Which is the typical developmental path for self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem typically declines in middle childhood, reaching a low point around age 12 or 13, and then increases during adolescence. This pattern reflects the cognitive and social challenges faced during these developmental periods, including increased self-awareness and comparison with peers.

Question 11

According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development is associated with middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive...

Question 12

According to recent longitudinal research (DuBow et al., 2009), a parent's education level when a child is 8 years old predicts child

Accepted Answer

DuBow et al. (2009) found that a parent's education level when a child is 8 years old is a predictor of the child's educational and occupational success 40 years later. This research highlights the long-term impact of parental education on a child's future success.

Question 13

Compared to early childhood, self-definitions in middle childhood are

Accepted Answer

In middle childhood, children's self-definitions shift from concrete, observable characteristics to more abstract and internal traits, reflecting a deeper understanding of themselves and their personal qualities.

Question 14

Celia is 13 years old. She answers Selman's perspective-taking exercise by saying that society expects children to obey their parents. Because of this, Holly should realize why her father might punish her. Which of Selman's stages does this represent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Celia is 13 years old. She answers...

Question 15

According to Erikson, children in middle childhood are in the stage of psychosocial development.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies the stage of industry versus inferiority as characteristic of middle childhood, where children are focused on developing a sense of competence and skills.

Question 16

Five-to seven-year-olds are able to judge their abilities in seven different areas. These areas include physical ability, physical appearance, peer relationships,parent relationships, reading, mathematics, and

Accepted Answer

General school performance is one of the areas in which five-to-seven-year-olds can judge their abilities, alongside physical ability, physical appearance, peer relationships, parent relationships, reading, and mathematics. This reflects their growing self-awareness and understanding of various aspects of their lives, including academic performance.

Question 17

Four-year-old Daniel is presented with the story of Holly in one of Selman's perspective-taking exercises. Daniel says that he would not save the kitten because he has allergies to kittens and that his father would not save the kitten because he probably has allergies, too. Which of Selman's stages does this type of thinking represent?

Accepted Answer

Level 0, or "egocentric" or "undifferentiated" perspective-taking, is characterized by the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and that of others. Daniel's response indicates he is applying his own feelings and situation (allergies to kittens) to his father, showing an undifferentiated perspective.

Question 18

The period of concrete operations is characterized by a decline in

Accepted Answer

During the period of concrete operations, which occurs roughly between the ages of 7 and 12 years according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children become less egocentric. This means they are increasingly able to see things from perspectives other than their own, indicating a decline in egocentrism.

Question 19

Research has shown that are slightly more likely than to define themselves in terms of the groups to which they belong.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that females are slightly more likely than males to define themselves in terms of the groups to which they belong, reflecting a tendency towards collectivist identity.

Question 20

The self-concepts of preschoolers and those in middle childhood differ in that

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers typically have a more simplistic view of their abilities, often categorizing themselves in broad, all-encompassing terms like being good or not good at doing things, without the nuanced understanding of different areas of competence that develops later in childhood.

Quiz 4: Birth and the Newborn Baby: in the New World