Which of the Following Represented the Greatest Challenge to Creating

Which of the following represented the greatest challenge to creating a unified Islamic culture?

A) The Quran was translated into many local languages, such as Swahili, leaving doubts as to which translation was the most accurate.
B) Numerous prophets, each with his own group of supporters, had arisen since the death of Muhammad.
C) Strains associated with choosing the first four caliphs left a legacy of protest.
D) Islam devalued the role of merchants, thus preventing its spread along the trade routes.