Invasion by Nomadic Tribes Led to Which of the Following

Invasion by nomadic tribes led to which of the following political developments in Egypt and Mesopotamia?

A) The lack of state religions in Egypt and Mesopotamia undermined the efforts of ruling elites to resist nomadic invaders.
B) The lack of horse-drawn chariots in Egypt and Mesopotamia diminished the ability of ruling classes to expand their territorial control.
C) Egypt and Mesopotamia developed centralized kingdoms ruled by a charismatic ruler.
D) Egypt and Mesopotamia had stable river-basin societies where populations became so large they could not be easily conquered.