Sam Is a Grad Student Who Often Goes Out for a Drink

Sam is a grad student who often goes out for a drink with his friends on the weekend. He has begun to notice on these outings that as the night wears on and his friends have consumed more and more alcohol, their coordination becomes increasingly impaired. Based on these observations, Sam proposes that alcohol causes impaired coordination. As such, Sam is engaging in:

A) means-ends analysis
B) deductive reasoning
C) top-down reasoning
D) inductive reasoning
E) an algorithm