Dr. Gonzalez has just completed a correlational study where he found a strong association between parental expectations and children's academic achievement. In other words, children who perform well in school tend to have parents who have high
Expectations of them. However, Dr. Gonzalez can't tell which variable causes the other. It may be that high expectations cause children to perform better, or that children's better performance cause their parents to have higher expectations. This particular problem is known as:

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The bidirectional causality problem refers to the difficulty in determining the direction of causality between two correlated variables, as either could potentially cause the other.

Dr Gonzalez Has Just Completed a Correlational Study Where He