Question 1

You are very interested in predicting behavior from measures of personality traits. Which of the following scales would be the BEST to use for such predictions?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are very interested in predicting behavior...

Question 2

According to Freud, the various components of the mind constantly interact with each other. But one component must try to balance the demands of the others. This component is the

Accepted Answer

The ego is the component of the mind that mediates between the desires of the id, the moral constraints of the superego, and reality, striving to balance these demands.

Question 3

The pleasure principle is to the reality principle as

Accepted Answer

The pleasure principle is associated with the id, which seeks immediate gratification, while the reality principle is associated with the ego, which deals with the demands of reality.

Question 4

According to Rogers, an individual with conditions of worth is likely to

Accepted Answer

Conditions of worth arise when individuals perceive that they are only valued by others when they meet certain conditions, leading to a lack of unconditional positive regard, which is central to Rogers' theory of personality.

Question 5

Juan is struggling with his self-image. He is a strong believer in environmental policies, but continues to drive a large gas-guzzling car. According to Rogers, Juan is having problems with

Accepted Answer

Juan's struggle with self-image and his actions not aligning with his beliefs indicates a lack of self-congruence, where his real self and ideal self are not in harmony.

Question 6

During a PET scan of a patient, you notice increased activity in the temporal lobe while the person is awake and alert, but not involved in any particular mental task. Being a good personality theorist, you might suspect

Accepted Answer

The answer of During a PET scan of a patient,...

Question 7

You are really angry with your boss and would really like to punch him in the nose. But you realize that this may have consequences, so you go home and kick the cat. According to Freud, this reflects the defence mechanism of

Accepted Answer

Displacement is a defense mechanism where an individual redirects their emotions or impulses from a threatening target to a safer one. In this scenario, the anger towards the boss is redirected to the cat.

Question 8

George's parents have always told him that he has to do better in school. Even when he gets all A's they remind him that he has to do better. Now George feels pressure to perform at school, even though a B would be an acceptable grade for him. According to Roger's self theory, George feels this way because

Accepted Answer

George feels pressure because he has developed conditions of worth, meaning he believes he must meet certain standards to be valued by his parents.

Question 9

Juan is struggling with his self-image. He believes that we should cut greenhouse gas emissions, but also thinks that people should be able to drive whatever kind of car they want to. According to Rogers, Juan is having problems with

Accepted Answer

Juan's struggle is related to self-consistency, as he holds conflicting beliefs about environmental responsibility and personal freedom, which creates an inconsistency in his self-concept.

Question 10

You really want to buy a new iPhone. But you can't seem to save enough money to get it. So you end up buying a cheaper flip phone and decide that the iPhone was not really that great and highly overpriced. According to Freud, this reflects the defence mechanism of

Accepted Answer

Rationalization involves justifying or explaining an undesirable situation or behavior in a seemingly logical or rational manner to avoid the true explanation. In this case, the person justifies not buying the iPhone by convincing themselves it was overpriced and not that great.

Question 11

Jon really "hates" his brother, but knows he cannot express this publically. According to Freud, if ego resorts to the defense mechanism of projection,

Accepted Answer

Projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. In this case, Jon would insist that his brother really hates him, projecting his own feelings onto his brother.

Question 12

You are really upset with your brother, but you know that you cannot tell him that you hate him because mom and dad will be angry. So you tell everyone that it is your brother who really hates you. According to Freud, this reflects the defence mechanism of

Accepted Answer

Projection is a defense mechanism where an individual attributes their own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. In this scenario, you are projecting your feelings of hatred onto your brother by claiming he hates you.

Question 13

A young boy is moving from the phallic stage to the latency stage in Freud's psychosexual model. According to Freud, the crisis he needs to resolve is

Accepted Answer

In Freud's psychosexual model, the transition from the phallic stage to the latency stage involves resolving the Oedipus complex, where the child must overcome feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.

Question 14

You are interested in studying "object relations." Your approach to the study of personality is consistent with which of the following perspectives?

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic perspective focuses on the role of unconscious processes, including object relations, in personality development.

Question 15

Josh is unable to make moral decisions. He cannot tell what is right from what is wrong. According to Freud, there would have been insufficient development of the

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the superego is responsible for moral standards and the sense of right and wrong. If Josh is unable to make moral decisions, it suggests an underdeveloped superego.

Question 16

Casandra does not exercise regularly and is not doing as well in university as her friends. She gives in to powerful people and is at risk for depression. All else being equal, we would predict the Casandra has

Accepted Answer

Casandra's tendency to give in to powerful people and her risk for depression suggest she may feel that external factors control her life, indicating an external locus of control.

Question 17

You are really angry with your boss and would really like to punch him in the nose. But you realize that this may have consequences, so you go home and paint a picture of him falling off a building. According to Freud, this reflects the defence mechanism of

Accepted Answer

Sublimation is a defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behaviors, such as channeling anger into art.

Question 18

You are having a discussion with a therapist, but you're not sure what kind of therapist she is. You suspect that she is a follower of Jung's analytic psychology. If you're right, she would probably use all of the following phrases EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Personal constructs are associated with George Kelly's personal construct theory, not Jung's analytic psychology.

Question 19

Yan and Peggy have been in a relationship for over 10 years. Recently, they broke up. Yan believes that he and Peggy are incompatible and do not like the same things. Peggy thinks that Yan is seeing someone else. According to George Kelly's humanistic approach, Yan and Peggy have

Accepted Answer

George Kelly's theory focuses on personal constructs, which are the individual ways people perceive and interpret the world. Yan and Peggy have different personal constructs, leading to their differing views on the breakup.

Question 20

What do the following terms all have in common? Personal constructs, self-consistency, unconditional positive regard, and gender schemas

Accepted Answer

All these terms are related to humanistic approaches to personality, which focus on individual experiences and the inherent potential for personal growth.

Quiz 14: Personality