Question 1

A lack of consistent guidelines and punishment as well as a loss of love for misbehaviour were both mentioned as factors that can contribute to the development of low ________ in children.

Accepted Answer

A lack of consistent guidelines and punishment, along with a loss of love for misbehavior, can lead to low self-esteem in children, as they may feel unworthy or uncertain about their value and abilities.

Question 2

Research indicates that, in general, men in Western cultures tend to have self-concepts that are more individualistic than are women's, while women in Western cultures tend to have self-concepts that are more than are men's.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that women in Western cultures often have self-concepts that are more collectivistic, emphasizing relationships and community, compared to men's more individualistic self-concepts.

Question 3

The superego's "shoulds" in Freud's psychoanalytic theory are most similar to in Roger's humanistic theory.

Accepted Answer

In Freud's theory, the superego represents internalized societal and parental standards of "shoulds" and "should nots." In Roger's humanistic theory, "conditions of worth" are similar as they are the conditions we think we must meet for others to accept us.

Question 4

According to this perspective, personality is the result of the satisfaction of growth needs and the constant striving for self-actualization. This is the perspective.

Accepted Answer

The humanistic perspective emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization as central to personality development.

Question 5

Josh believes that he is socially outgoing. He just met several new people, some of whom have told him that he seems to be a very social person (congruent feedback), while a few others have made comments to Josh that he seems to be quite shy and reserved (incongruent feedback). According to the construct of self-verification, how will Josh recall this feedback?

Accepted Answer

According to self-verification theory, individuals are motivated to maintain a consistent self-view, so Josh is more likely to remember feedback that aligns with his belief of being socially outgoing.

Question 6

Within any given culture, specific information about gender-role socialization informs us about the appropriate attributes and behaviours of men and women. These are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Within any given culture, specific information about...

Question 7

Carl Rogers believed that conditions of worth can produce serious negative consequences for people by creating significant between self-perceptions and experience.

Accepted Answer

Conditions of worth can lead to incongruence, which is a state of inconsistency between self-perceptions and experience.

Question 8

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives unconditional positive regard from her parents is likely to avoid the problems that are associated with _.

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard helps a child develop a healthy self-concept without feeling the need to meet certain conditions to be valued, thus avoiding issues related to conditions of worth.

Question 9

Rogers's notion of self-enhancement refers to people's need to:

Accepted Answer

Self-enhancement refers to the motivation to maintain or increase a positive self-image, which aligns with choice C.

Question 10

A person from a collectivistic culture would most likely mention which of the following when asked to list his or her important personal attributes?

Accepted Answer

In collectivistic cultures, individuals often define themselves in terms of their social roles and group memberships, such as being a student, rather than personal traits.

Question 11

Studies have found that individuals often seek relationships with others who confirm their positive or negative views of themselves, so much so that when someone with a negative self-view marries a person who views them favourably, the person with the negative self-view will often withdraw from the marriage. This phenomenon is most consistent with the concept of:

Accepted Answer

Self-verification is the concept where individuals seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether positive or negative, from others.

Question 12

Research examining gender differences in self-concepts suggest that the self-concepts of women are more than those of men.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that women's self-concepts are often more collectivistic, emphasizing relationships and community, compared to men's self-concepts, which are often more individualistic.

Question 13

Carl Rogers assumed that people have an innate need to receive love, sympathy, and acceptance from others, which he called:

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers proposed that individuals have an inherent need for positive regard, which includes love, sympathy, and acceptance from others.

Question 14

Alan knows that no matter what his report card grades are, his parents will love him. He knows he is not always the most thoughtful son, but he has also recognized that his parents love him based not on his behaviour but on who he is. Rogers called this concept:

Accepted Answer

Unconditional positive regard is a concept developed by Carl Rogers, referring to accepting and loving someone regardless of their behavior or achievements.

Question 15

In personality research, identifying clusters of specific behaviours that are so highly associated with one another that they are assumed to be due to a single trait or basic dimension of personality is done through _.

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to identify clusters of related behaviors or variables, which are assumed to be due to a single underlying trait or dimension of personality.

Question 16

When growing up, John's parents were uncomfortable every time that John happened to be sad. As a result, John now disapproves of his own sad feelings, even when they are appropriate. Carl Rogers and other humanistic theorists would consider John's attitude towards his sad feelings as an example of:

Accepted Answer

John's attitude towards his sad feelings is an example of a "condition of worth," where he has learned to disapprove of certain emotions because they were not accepted by his parents.

Question 17

According to the text, much of the modern research on the self-concept owes its roots to the work of:

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers is known for his influential work on the self-concept, particularly in the context of humanistic psychology.

Question 18

Margaret is prone to depression and physical illness. She lacks the tools needed to make herself feel better when she experiences a negative outcome or failure. Margaret most likely:

Accepted Answer

Margaret's tendency towards depression and illness, along with her inability to cope with negative outcomes, suggests she has low self-esteem and views herself as ineffective.

Question 19

People who tend to feel positive about themselves have been found to be happier, have fewer relationship difficulties, and reach higher achievement levels than people who feel more negative about themselves. These individuals have high _.

Accepted Answer

High self-esteem is associated with positive self-regard, leading to greater happiness, better relationships, and higher achievement.

Question 20

Which of the following criticisms has been made against humanistic theories of personality?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic theories have been criticized for using constructs that are not clearly defined, which can lead to circular reasoning.

Quiz 14: Personality