When researchers use a cross-sectional design, they typically find that both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline relatively early in life, but they often find that both of these abilities remain stable until much later in life when they use a(n) design.

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Longitudinal designs track the same individuals over time, providing more accurate data on how abilities like fluid and crystallized intelligence change with age, often showing stability until later in life.

When Researchers Use a Cross-Sectional Design, They Typically Find That