By what means did nineteenth-century European powers prevent armed conflicts among themselves in Africa in their separate colonial efforts?

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European powers established distinct boundaries between their territorial claims in Africa, often without regard to existing tribal or ethnic divisions, as a means to prevent armed conflicts among themselves during their colonial efforts. This division was formalized at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, where European nations agreed on the rules for the partition of Africa, effectively dividing the continent into areas of European control.

By What Means Did Nineteenth-Century European Powers Prevent Armed Conflicts