Stewart (1973)first tested the effects of the Mueller-Lyer illusion on both black and white children living in one American town and later tested children in Zambia and found:

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Stewart's research found no significant differences between the racial groups, indicating that the effects of the Mueller-Lyer illusion are more related to environmental factors, such as the degree of exposure to carpentered environments, rather than race. Additionally, the effect of the illusion was observed to decline with age, suggesting that experience and cognitive development play a role in perception of the illusion.

Stewart (1973)first Tested the Effects of the Mueller-Lyer Illusion on Both