SCENARIO 11-7
a Campus Researcher Wanted to Investigate the Factors $\text { ANOVA }$

SCENARIO 11-7
A campus researcher wanted to investigate the factors that affect visitor travel time in a complex,
multilevel building on campus. Specifically, he wanted to determine whether different building signs
(building maps versus wall signage) affect the total amount of time visitors require to reach their
destination and whether that time depends on whether the starting location is inside or outside the
building. Three subjects were assigned to each of the combinations of signs and starting locations,
and travel time in seconds from beginning to destination was recorded. An Excel output of the
appropriate analysis is given below: $\text { ANOVA }$
$\begin{array}{lrrrrrr}\hline {\text { Source of Variation }} & \text { SS } & d f & \text { MS } & F & {P \text {-value }} & F \text { crit } \\\hline \text { Signs } & 14008.33 & & 14008.33 & & 0.11267 & 5.317645 \\\text { Starting Location } & 12288 & & & 2.784395 & 0.13374 & 5.317645 \\\text { Interaction } & 48 & &48 & & 0.919506 & 5.317645 \\\text { Within } & 35305.33 & & 4413.167 & & &\\\\\text { Total } &61649.67 & 11\end{array}$
-Referring to Scenario 11-7, the within (error) degrees of freedom is

A) 1
B) 4
C) 8
D) 11