How Would Investment Model Researchers Like Caryl Rusbult Explain Why

How would investment model researchers like Caryl Rusbult explain why battered women often return to their abusive partners?

A) These women have already put a lot into these relationships.
B) These women are probably in exchange relationships.
C) The abusive partners have battered the women's self-esteem to the basement.
D) These women are mentally ill.
E) Their abusive partners must reward them in other ways.