In Dunfield and Kuhlmeier's study (2010)21-month-old infants were offered an attractive toy by one of two confederates.The confederate did not actually give the toy to the infant.One of the confederates was willing but unable to give the toy because it 'accidentally' rolled off the table.Another confederate was unwilling to give the toy to the infant.When later the infants could choose who they gave the toy to

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In Dunfield and Kuhlmeier's study, most infants chose to give the toy to the willing but unable confederate. This suggests that they recognized the confederate's good intentions and attributed the failure to give the toy to external factors beyond their control. Interestingly, the infants did not show a preference for the unwilling confederate, indicating that they were able to differentiate between intentionally unhelpful and accidentally unhelpful individuals at this young age.

In Dunfield and Kuhlmeier's Study (2010)21-Month-Old Infants Were Offered an Attractive