Gordon Russell (1983),a sports psychologist,observed the behaviour of fans during an especially violent hockey game.Contrary to predictions based on the notion of catharsis,Russell found that the belligerence and hostility of the spectators

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Russell's observation contradicted the catharsis theory, which suggests that expressing aggression reduces future aggression. Instead, he found that the spectators' belligerence and hostility increased throughout the game.

Gordon Russell (1983),a Sports Psychologist,observed the Behaviour of Fans During