In a series of experiments,Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995)had both African-American and Anglo-American students at Stanford University take a verbal test.In one condition,the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence,and in the other condition,the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence.In the former condition,African-Americans performed more poorly than did Anglo-Americans because

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Quizplus · Accepted Answer

The correct answer is E because the phenomenon described in the question is known as stereotype threat, which refers to the psychological pressure individuals feel when they are aware of negative stereotypes about a group to which they belong, and that could potentially impact their performance. In this case, African-Americans underperformed on the test when it was described as a valid measure of intelligence because they were influenced by the stereotype that suggests that African-Americans are less intelligent than Anglo-Americans. In contrast, when the test was described as unreliable, the stereotype threat was reduced, and the performance gap between the two groups disappeared.

In a Series of Experiments,Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995)had