How can you convert a carboxylic acid into an acid chloride?

Question

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Reacting the carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) will form the corresponding acid chloride. The reaction proceeds through an intermediate where SOCl2 replaces the hydroxyl group (-OH) with a chloride group (-Cl), forming a thionyl ester. The thionyl ester then reacts with another molecule of SOCl2, which replaces the remaining -OH group with a second -Cl, forming the acid chloride. This method is widely used for synthesizing acid chlorides as it is selective and efficient. The other options listed are not effective methods for converting carboxylic acids to acid chlorides. Heat and hydrochloric acid can cleave the carboxylic functional group, while reacting with sodium chloride or Cl2 and FeCl3 does not provide the necessary reagent for the conversion.

How Can You Convert a Carboxylic Acid into an Acid