The Residual, or the Difference, Between the Observed Frequency and the Expected

The residual, or the difference, between the observed frequency and the expected frequency is a reliable indicator. A standardized residual can also be computed for each
Cell. Which statements are true about standardized residuals?

A) Standardized residuals that have a positive value mean that the cell was over-
Represented in the actual sample, compared to the expected frequency.
B) The standardized residual can be compared against the critical z-value for your α
Level to determine significance.
C) Standardized residuals can be used to test the null hypothesis that the actual
Frequency equals the expected frequency for a specific cell versus the research
Hypothesis of a difference greater than zero.
D) Standardized residuals that have a negative value mean that the cell was under-
Represented in the actual sample, compared to the expected frequency.
E) All of the above.