Research by Baillargeon in which infants looked longer at a screen that rotated 180 degrees than at a screen that rotated up and stopped at the top of a box used the paradigm in the test of whether the infants were able to mentally represent the box.

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The research by Baillargeon used the violation-of-expectancy paradigm, where infants look longer at events that violate their expectations, indicating they have some mental representation of the objects involved.

Research by Baillargeon in Which Infants Looked Longer at a Screen