A Forensic Psychologist Conducts a Study of Fear of Crime

A forensic psychologist conducts a study of fear of crime and crime rates in a small city.His hypothesis is that fear of crime is high in areas with moderate crime rates and low in areas with low and high crime rates.Using a map of housing to create a sampling frame he mails a questionnaire to a random sample of 100 residents in six areas: two with moderate crime rates, two with low crime rates and two with high crime rates.Of the 600 questionnaires 350 are returned (180 in the low-crime areas, 100 in the moderate-crime areas, and 70 in the high-crime areas) .Which of the following statements is false?

A) The study is an experiment because it has an independent variable.
B) The study does not have an independent variable.
C) The study has an independent and a dependent variable.
D) In this study the independent variable has not been manipulated.
E) Both (a) and (b) .