In national health care systems, total expenditures are controlled mainly through

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In national health care systems, total expenditures are controlled mainly through supply-side rationing, which includes limiting the availability of healthcare services by controlling the number of healthcare facilities, equipment, and healthcare professionals. This method is used to manage the demand for healthcare services and the cost associated with them by making them less accessible. Cost shifting involves shifting the burden of healthcare costs from one party to another, whereas underwriting involves assessing and managing insurance risks. Demand-side rationing involves controlling healthcare costs by limiting access to healthcare services based on the patient's ability to pay.

In National Health Care Systems, Total Expenditures Are Controlled Mainly