A Patient with Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus Delivers a Neonate Who

A patient with pregestational diabetes mellitus delivers a neonate who is diagnosed with macrosomia. The nurse is aware that the neonate is at risk for additional long-term conditions related to maternal diabetes mellitus. Which long-term effects may occur? Select all that apply.

A) Shoulder injury related to birth size
B) Development of metabolic syndrome
C) Impaired intellectual development
D) Changes in genetic expression
E) Increased risk for chronic illnesses