Trees in a hardwood forest are an example of what?

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Trees in a hardwood forest are a foundation species because they provide the framework for the ecosystem and create the structure that supports many other species. Without the trees, the ecosystem would be drastically different and many species would not be present. Keystone species are typically species that have a disproportionate effect on their ecosystem relative to their abundance, and pioneer species are the first species to colonize a newly formed or disturbed habitat.

Trees in a Hardwood Forest Are an Example of What