Both normative social influence and informational social influence can contribute to the bystander effect, especially inambiguous situations.

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Normative social influence involves conforming to social norms or expectations in order to fit in or avoid disapproval, which can make bystanders reluctant to act if they think others are not intervening. Informational social influence involves using others' actions as cues to determine what to do in a situation, which can lead to bystanders assuming that no action is necessary if others are not reacting. Both of these factors can contribute to the bystander effect, particularly in ambiguous situations where it may be unclear whether help is needed or what kind of help is appropriate.

Both Normative Social Influence and Informational Social Influence Can Contribute