Question 1

The youngest age at which children are unlikely to throw a temper tantrum is _____ years.

Accepted Answer

Temper tantrums are most common in toddlers between the ages of 1 and 3. By age 4, most children have learned to express their emotions in more appropriate ways.

Question 2

The desire to pursue a goal that comes from within a person is called:

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic motivation refers to the drive that comes from within an individual, such as personal interests or enjoyment of the activity. Option A (extensive motivation) and D (intensive drive) are not recognized terms in psychology, and option B (extrinsic motivation) refers to motivation driven by external rewards or punishments rather than internal factors.

Question 3

Which factor helps a young child to demonstrate initiative as Erikson details it in his third stage of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

A

Question 4

William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

William's response to his dad's question demonstrates his confidence in his skills and abilities, which is a sign of positive self-concept.

Question 5

_____ makes children believe that they will be good at anything they try to do.

Accepted Answer

Protective optimism is a mindset often instilled by caregivers or educators, which helps children believe in their own abilities and that they can be successful in their endeavors. This optimistic outlook shields them from fear of failure and encourages them to try new things, fostering a belief in their own competence.

Question 6

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age:

Accepted Answer

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age "initiative versus guilt." This is a time when children begin to assert their independence and take initiative in their activities, but also start to develop a sense of guilt or shame when they make mistakes or fail to meet expectations.

Question 7

According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, children in the stage of initiative vs. guilt (ages 3-6) have an increased sense of initiative, which leads them to believe they can achieve any goal, even unrealistic ones. This is not the same as having a strong self-concept, as it is specific to their belief in their abilities to achieve goals. They may experience self-doubt or guilt if they fail in their attempts, but this is not their primary mindset at this stage.

Question 8

An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed:

Accepted Answer

Emotional regulation refers to the ability to manage and express emotions in appropriate ways. In this scenario, the 5-year-old girl is able to stop herself from hitting another child, which suggests that she has developed some level of emotional regulation. A and B are not as relevant in this situation, and identification doesn't necessarily explain why the girl is able to stop herself from hitting.

Question 9

The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to:

Accepted Answer

Between the ages of 2 and 6, children undergo significant emotional development. Learning to regulate emotions is a critical accomplishment during this period. Children must learn how to recognize and appropriately express different emotions, such as anger, sadness, and happiness. They must also learn how to manage their emotions, such as by calming themselves when upset or recognizing when they need to take a break. This ability is critical for social relationships, learning, and overall well-being. While making friends, knowing right from wrong, and making choices are important skills for children, they are not as central to psychosocial development during this stage as emotional regulation.

Question 10

In 1973, Lepper and colleagues conducted an experiment in which children did drawings. Some of the children were promised a reward while others received a surprise reward. The researchers found that the children who received the expected award for drawing:

Accepted Answer

The study by Lepper and colleagues found that children who expected a reward were less likely to engage in the activity voluntarily later, demonstrating the overjustification effect, where external rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.

Question 11

A child having an imaginary friend is an example of:

Accepted Answer

The child having an imaginary friend is an example of intrinsic motivation, as the child is engaging in the behavior (imagining the friend) for their own enjoyment and personal satisfaction, rather than for any external reward or pressure.

Question 12

Girls usually develop emotional regulation _____ boys.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Girls usually develop emotional regulation _____ boys.
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Question 13

Two-year-old Julia repeatedly exclaims, "Me do it!" when her mother tries to help her. Although this behavior is frustrating, her mother understands that doing things independently will develop Julia's sense of:

Accepted Answer

Julia's desire to do things independently is a sign of her developing sense of initiative, which is the desire to take personal responsibility and control over the outcomes of one's actions. This is an important developmental milestone for toddlers and helps lay the foundation for future success and achievement.

Question 14

Jared, age 5, describes himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot. His description demonstrates his developing:

Accepted Answer

Jared's description of himself as a good soccer player with black hair who laughs a lot is an indication of his developing self-concept, which is his understanding of himself as a unique individual with particular abilities, traits, and characteristics. Self-concept includes one's idea of one's physical appearance, personality traits, and abilities, and it develops over time as children gain new experiences and receive feedback from others.

Question 15

_____ are marked by excessive guilt, withdrawal, or fearfulness.

Accepted Answer

Internalizing problems are marked by excessive guilt, withdrawal, or fearfulness. These issues are often internal and may not be easily noticeable by others, but can still have a significant impact on an individual's well-being. In contrast, externalizing problems are characterized by behaviors that are outwardly directed, such as aggression or hyperactivity.

Question 16

Jaspreet frequently plays the piano whenever her family has guests because she enjoys the praise and attention that she receives. When alone, however, Jaspreet rarely plays the piano. Jaspreet's motivation:

Accepted Answer

Jaspreet's motivation for playing the piano is mostly extrinsic, as it is driven by the praise and attention she receives from others, rather than by her own inherent enjoyment of playing the instrument. This suggests that she may be less likely to continue playing the piano over the long term, as she may lose the external motivators that are driving her behavior.

Question 17

Regulation of which emotion is MOST emphasized in the United States?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Regulation of which emotion is MOST emphasized...

Question 18

The clinical term for an illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Psychopathology is the term used in the field of psychology and psychiatry to describe the study of mental illnesses and the symptoms and behaviors associated with them. It covers a range of disorders including anxiety, depression, personality disorders, schizophrenia, and others. Emotional instability, insanity, and mental disturbance may all be aspects of psychopathology but they are not the clinical term for it.

Question 19

When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Externalizing problems involve expressing emotions or behaviors in ways that are disruptive to others, such as hitting or yelling. This is exactly what Karen is doing when she is angry.

Question 20

Children with a parent who has schizophrenia are likely to:

Accepted Answer

Children with a parent who has schizophrenia may struggle with emotional regulation due to genetic predispositions and environmental factors, such as stress and family dynamics.

Quiz 6: Early Childhood: Psychosocial Development