Which group or movement created huge rural communes, which proved to be an economic failure?

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The Great Leap Forward was a movement in China from 1958 to 1962 that aimed to transform the country into a socialist society through rapid industrialization and collectivization. As a part of this movement, huge rural communes were created, but they proved to be an economic failure, leading to widespread famine and millions of deaths.

Which Group or Movement Created Huge Rural Communes, Which Proved