Among the Striking Similarities of the Three Early-Modern Muslim Empires

Among the striking similarities of the three early-modern Muslim empires are

A) their strict adherence to Sunni Islam.
B) the fact that they mastered gunpowder, which led to a complacent sense of security.
C) the East Asian origins of their early rulers.
D) the fact that each was controlled by western European interests by 1700.
E) their cultivation of transoceanic trade ties with West Africa.