Lack of confidence in correctional programming peaked in 1974 when __________ publication concluded that, "with few exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far had no appreciable effect on recidivism."

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Martinson's publication, "What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform" concluded that rehabilitation programs did not effectively reduce recidivism rates. This widely cited study contributed to a shift away from rehabilitative programs in correctional settings and towards punishment-oriented approaches.

Lack of Confidence in Correctional Programming Peaked in 1974 When