Bart, an 11-month-old, is playing on the floor of his room when his older brother steers a remote-control car (that Bart has never seen) toward him. Bart immediately looks up at his father, who is on the verge of yelling, "Stop, it's going to hit Bart!" Bart then breaks into quickly flowing tears. Bart has engaged in

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Bart's behavior of looking up at his father before crying is an example of social referencing, which is when infants and young children look to their caregivers for cues on how to react in unfamiliar or ambiguous situations. In this case, Bart looked to his father to determine if the remote-control car was a threat or not. Emotional regulation refers to the ability to manage one's own emotions, self-socialization refers to the process of learning societal expectations and norms, and display rules refer to cultural norms regarding the display and expression of emotions. These concepts do not fully encompass Bart's behavior in this scenario.

Bart, an 11-Month-Old, Is Playing on the Floor of His