A pregnant woman has been diagnosed with pregestational diabetes. Of which of the following adverse fetal outcomes should the therapist be aware at the time of delivery?

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Adverse fetal outcomes include stillbirth and major fetal structural malformations. Tight glycemic control and antepartum testing have significantly decreased the risk of fetal death. The rate of fetal structural malformations in infants born to pregestational diabetic women can be as high as 10% to 15% and is proportionate to pre-pregnancy glycemic control. This compares to the background rate of 2% to 3% for infants in the general population. The most commonly encountered defects in pregestational diabetes are malformations of the cardiovascular system, including both the heart and great vessels, and the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

A Pregnant Woman Has Been Diagnosed with Pregestational Diabetes