A Patient Reports Severe Back Pain Located in the Lumbar

A patient reports severe back pain located in the lumbar spine. To evaluate whether the patient has axial pain or radicular pain, which assessment is necessary?

A) Asking the patient to perform the Valsalva maneuver
B) Assessing reflexes and asking about tingling or numbness
C) Determining whether the pain is present with prolonged sitting
D) Noting whether pain is mitigated with frequent position shifts